Stockholm University · Spring term 2026Department of Social Anthropology

Menstrualityand FeministWorld-Making

Cyclical Living, Relational Care, and Embodied Knowledge. An ethnographic study of women practising menstrual cycle awareness — and an argument that cyclical living is not a wellness practice but a way of making a different world.

Read the essay
9
Semi-structured interviews
Conducted online, ~1 hour each
5
Circle sessions
Monthly, April to October
6
Women in the Circle
Including Julie and the researcher
8
Countries represented
US, UK, South Africa, Denmark, France, Netherlands, Poland, India

Anna Hilton Ibold · supervised by Paula Uimonen

22,625 words · 70 pages

The question

How is menstruality practiced and made meaningful as a form of knowledge-production, care, and feminist world-making among women engaging in cyclical living?

Menstruality is the umbrella term Anna uses for more than cycle awareness: a broader reorientation toward cyclical consciousness, in which the menstrual cycle becomes a source of knowledge, meaning and relationality rather than an event to be managed around.

The fieldwork combines digital and sensory ethnography — nine in-depth interviews with women practising menstruality, and five months of participant observation inside an online women’s circle, the Moon Soul Community.

The argument runs in three movements: what drives women toward menstruality, what it does to the experience of the body, and what happens when the practice becomes collective.

  1. 01How do experiences of menstrual pain, stigma and medical dismissal shape women's turn towards menstruality?Chapter 5
  2. 02How does menstruality reconfigure the menstrual body as a source of embodied, affective and cyclical knowledge?Chapter 6
  3. 03How does menstruality practice in the women's circle shape new forms of relationality and feminist world-making?Chapter 7
Figure 1 & 2 · The four seasons model

The inner seasons

Menstrual cycle awareness reads the cycle as the seasons of a year. Every informant named this model as the thing that made the month legible. Layered over it in the Circle is a second frame — Julie’s cyclical living chart, which binds each season to an element, a lunar phase, a stage of life, and an archetype.

Julie is emphatic that these are invitations, not identities: “you don’t have to relate or be this way during the phases of your cycle.”

The Maiden
Air
Via positiva

Outward expansion, action, generative energy

Via negativa

Contraction, withdrawal, receptivity

Pope & Wurlitzer, Wild Power (2017), pp. 38–45

Via positivaFollicular phase

Inner Spring

Energy returns after the bleed. In the Circle's framework the Maiden is associated with air, spring and the follicular phase, and stands for emergence, curiosity and new beginnings. Lotte describes it as the openness and generativity of inner spring.

  • Emergence
  • Curiosity
  • New beginnings
  • Openness
Phase
Follicular phase
Archetype
The Maiden
Element
Air
Life stage
The pre-menstrual years — menarche onward
Lunar phase
Waxing moon
Energy
Energy rises

In practice

Informants reserve creative work, outreach and more complex thinking for inner spring and summer, when they report energy and clarity are higher. Physical activity is scaled up to match.

Shadow side

Not recorded in the fieldwork. Julie described a shadow side for the Mother, the Wild Woman and the Wise Woman; the Maiden’s was not given.

Tasks requiring creativity, outreach, or more complex thinking are reserved for her inner spring and summer phases, when she feels that energy and clarity were higher.
On Harper's cyclical planningp. 40
Spirits of the air, water, earth, fire, carry me home, carry me home, to myself.
The repeated chant of the Circle’s elemental ritual · p. 54
Part Two · The ethnography

Three chapters, three movements

Part Two · Personal Narratives
pp. 21–29

Menstrual Pain, Medical Neglect, and the Turn to Menstruality

Research question 1

How do experiences of menstrual pain, stigma and medical dismissal shape women's turn towards menstruality?

Slow death
Berlant (2007): the gradual wearing down of bodies through ordinary pressure and stress, rather than through a single dramatic event.
Docile body
Foucault (1975): the body as shaped and regulated by institutions in ways that sustain existing power structures.

Nobody arrives at cyclical living out of curiosity alone. The pathways in run through pain, through chronic illness, and through the quieter sense that something in one's relationship to the body is out of alignment.

Alessandra, Hannah, June and Anjali all described turning to menstruality at moments when their menstrual cycles had become sites of distress, disruption, or long-standing bodily struggle. Alessandra went on the pill at sixteen, having absorbed the message that menstruation was “gross” and something to conceal, and stayed on it for over a decade. Coming off it at thirty, she found cycles that left her debilitated — and, eventually, a diagnosis of stage three endometriosis.

What followed was not treatment but a series of closed doors. Specialists who did not take insurance. Surgery, or a return to the pill. Hannah, twenty years younger and in a lesbian relationship, met the same recommendation and could not get an answer as to why: “I was like, why? Surely it's easier for me to do something else.” Blood tests came back inconclusive. The consultations, she said, just went nowhere.

Anna reads these encounters through Martin's caution about how casually the pill is prescribed as a universal solution, and Bobel's account of menstrual suppression — where relieving women of “the mess, the fuss, the discomfort, and the expense” of menstruation rests on an unspoken premise that menstruation has no value. Read through Foucault's docile body, suppression becomes one mechanism by which bodies are disciplined into predictability.

Not every pathway ran through pain. Harper described indifference rather than stigma; Lotte, diagnosed with PCOS at twenty-three, had followed a highly academic life “outside of the body”; Noor simply met Julie. What these accounts share is not a symptom but a shortfall: a growing sense that the available frameworks did not describe the experience they were having.

Suddenly, I turned 30. I was like, something's wrong. You're not supposed to be in so much pain. But every doctor here kept getting me dismissed. So that's why I had to really look within. Like…how can I learn to heal myself?
Alessandra36, United States · Reiki practitionerp. 21
Part Two · Personal Narratives
pp. 30–47

Reclaiming the Menstrual Body

Research question 2

How does menstruality reconfigure the menstrual body as a source of embodied, affective and cyclical knowledge?

Affective dissonance
Hemmings (2012): the distinction between an embodied sense of self and the self we are expected to be in social terms.
Via positiva / via negativa
Pope & Wurlitzer (2017): the two currents of the cycle — outward expansion and action, then contraction, withdrawal and receptivity. Interdependent, not opposed.
Crip time
Kafer (2013); Ljuslinder et al. (2020): organising life around bodily capacity rather than external demand. Invoked with care — a resonance, not an equivalence.

What changes is not only how menstruation is interpreted, but how the body itself is lived, sensed and understood. Symptoms stop being failures and start being signals.

It begins practically: nutrition, movement, and above all cycle tracking — a journal of mood, energy and physical state across the month. Every informant named it as the starting point. From there the four seasons model gives the fluctuation a shape, and informants begin speaking of my inner winter, my inner spring.

The shift is perceptual before it is anything else. Following Csordas, embodiment is not a state but an active process through which attention is directed and sensation is interpreted. Fatigue and irritability, once sudden and overwhelming, become situated inside a rhythm — anticipated rather than endured. The body stops being something that fails and becomes something that communicates.

But heightened attention does not produce harmony. It brings affective dissonance into focus: Hemmings' term for the gap between an embodied sense of self and the self one is expected to be. Noor's account is the sharpest — learning her cycle made her feel not crazy anymore, which reveals how thoroughly cyclical variation had been internalised as personal instability, against a long cultural history of hysteria, PMS, and the myth of the irrational female.

From there it scales outward into time itself. Anjali stops earning her rest. Harper builds the month around the bleed. Lotte opens meetings with a cycle check-in so a team can read “what powers are in the room.” Against the via positiva that Pope and Wurlitzer say reigns supreme in Western culture, the via negativa — contraction, withdrawal, receptivity — is reinstated as generative rather than as a pause.

Anna does not let this settle comfortably. Tracking symptoms and correcting one's lifestyle blurs into self-surveillance; framing wellbeing as a matter of sufficient awareness hands the whole burden to the individual woman. And the ability to rest during menstruation is not evenly distributed — it presupposes flexibility, economic security, and professional autonomy. Menstruality occupies an ambivalent position, and the thesis keeps it there.

I don't need to earn it. I just need to rest.
AnjaliLate 30s, South Africa · Pharmacistp. 38
Part Two · Personal Narratives
pp. 48–61

Circles of Care and Collective Practice

Research question 3

How does menstruality practice in the women's circle shape new forms of relationality and feminist world-making?

Commons
Federici (2018): shared spaces where people collectively organise care, knowledge and resources outside the logics of privatisation and profit.
Intimate publics
Berlant (1998): affective spaces where strangers become emotionally connected through the circulation of shared experience. “Intimacy builds worlds.”
Affective solidarity
Hemmings (2012): the movement from individual affective dissonance to collective feminist capacity. “In order to know differently we have to feel differently.”

Six women, four countries, one Zoom call a month for five months. Candles lit in bedrooms and kitchens. This is where an individual practice becomes a commons.

The Moon Soul Community meets monthly from April to October, capped at ten women a year to hold intimacy and continuity. Julie, its facilitator, built it online after finding little appetite locally in Crete for open conversation about menstruation and cyclical living — and in doing so found the women already oriented toward the questions.

Each session opens with a grounding ritual: feet on the floor, eyes closed, an invitation to cross a threshold. Participants build small altars from objects standing for air, water, fire and earth, hold soil, feel water, sense a candle's warmth. The four archetypes — Maiden, Mother, Wild Woman, Wise Woman — are introduced not as identities but as invitations, and Julie unsettles the ranking that treats the post-menopausal stages as decline rather than as heightened clarity and authority.

Anna reads the ritual through Federici's re-enchantment: capitalism required the destruction of embodied, nature-based knowledge because that knowledge was a source of autonomy. Altar-making, elemental symbolism and cyclical reflection reclaim a fragment of it. Following Ahmed, ritual works as reorientation — not adding meaning to experience but changing how experience is sensed in the first place.

The Circle then functions as a commons of care: a space where knowledge is not generated in the self but co-constructed through dialogue, resonance and recognition, and where care is neither privatised nor individualised. Mathilde had met menstruality through books; in the Circle she found “there was much more to it” when it was shared. Read alongside hooks on consciousness-raising, the confessional becomes a healing ritual and the first step toward a political feminist consciousness.

That it happened over Zoom is not incidental. Following Boellstorff, the virtual is not the opposite of the real. The Circle became one of Berlant's intimate publics — strangers connected through circulated feeling — and one of Tsing's latent commons: fragile coordination emerging from shared vulnerability rather than shared identity. Candles, altars and bodily sensation travelled through the screen intact.

So I'm not alone. I'm not crazy. Yeah, I'm not going through this alone.
ParvaniLate 30s, India · Circle participantp. 58
Nine interviews · one circle · four continents

The quote vault

Every participant name except Julie’s is a pseudonym. Informed consent was obtained before fieldwork began, following Owen’s stigma-sensitive methodology for researching menstruation — where making a long-private experience public demands particular attention to trust and confidentiality.

32
of 32 excerpts shown
Medical Dismissal
Suddenly, I turned 30. I was like, something's wrong. You're not supposed to be in so much pain. But every doctor here kept getting me dismissed. So that's why I had to really look within. Like…how can I learn to heal myself?

The epigraph to Chapter 5. Alessandra was later diagnosed with stage three endometriosis; specialists who took her insurance were scarce, and the options offered were surgery or a return to the pill.

Alessandra36, United States · Reiki practitionerCh. 5 · p. 21
Medical Dismissal
It made me feel really undervalued, like they just wanted to get me out of their office.

Hannah's periods regularly kept her from school. Asked about scans or further tests, doctors returned to the same answer: the pill.

Hannah22, United Kingdom · University studentCh. 5 · p. 22
Medical Dismissal
It always came out with, like, we can't follow up from this.

On a run of hormone blood tests that were repeatedly returned as inconclusive.

Hannah22, United Kingdom · University studentCh. 5 · p. 23
Medical Dismissal
I was like — I'm sick of this. I'm gonna do something myself.
Hannah22, United Kingdom · University studentCh. 5 · p. 23
Medical Dismissal
From day one, my mother had issues, so it was something you kind of expected - pain, bloating, depression, erratic moods, really heavy uncomfortable bleeding, and just no respite from it really. Maybe only one week a month.

June went on the pill at sixteen and stayed on it for most of her adult life — which she later described as never giving her body a chance to self-regulate.

JuneEarly 40s, United Kingdom · Holistic health coachCh. 5 · p. 23
Medical Dismissal
I was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis when I was about twenty-nine. I'm a pharmacist by education, so I was doing Western medicine, but when Western medicine alone didn't help me, I had to look at a more holistic way for my health, because I experienced a lot of fatigue and anger.

Anjali's route in was not menstrual pain but chronic fatigue — what Berlant would call slow death: the gradual wearing down of a body by ordinary pressure.

AnjaliLate 30s, South Africa · PharmacistCh. 5 · p. 24
Affective Dissonance
If I had things to do, you just get a tampon and go about your business. There was never like, oh I'm bleeding, I need to rest or anything like that. It was just like, well, here it is. Let's make the necessary accommodations and move on with life.

Not stigma, not discomfort — indifference. Menstruation as something to be managed around.

Harper44, United States · Paediatric speech and language therapistCh. 5 · p. 25
Affective Dissonance
I just started to feel a lot of density in my womb… I started having visions of past experiences with men that weren't so pleasant. I realized I had been unconscious with my sexuality… I felt something really deep and ancient there that wanted my attention.
Harper44, United States · Paediatric speech and language therapistCh. 5 · p. 25
Affective Dissonance
Knowledge is power, in everything and anything.

Encountering menstruality in her forties, Noor said that learning about her cycle made her feel “not crazy anymore” — the relief of being able to place mood shifts inside a framework rather than inside a character flaw.

NoorEarly 40s, BerlinCh. 6 · p. 35
Affective Dissonance
I used to associate burnout with my self-worth… like you're burning out, you're making it.
AnjaliLate 30s, South Africa · PharmacistCh. 6 · p. 37
Affective Dissonance
The world wants us to be everywhere, constantly giving out more.
AnjaliLate 30s, South Africa · PharmacistCh. 6 · p. 39
Embodied Knowing
How can I nourish my body for what I need, versus what I think that I want?
Alessandra36, United States · Reiki practitionerCh. 6 · p. 31
Embodied Knowing
Such a life changing thing. One, my bleeds are so healthy, like I've never experienced such a healthy bleed, and it can make me cry, because I can literally not be in pain and live my life.
Alessandra36, United States · Reiki practitionerCh. 6 · p. 33
Embodied Knowing
So pain wise, it's never the same every period, but I've had two periods that are pain free, like completely pain free, which is like… I've never, ever, ever, ever had that in my life. Since I started having my period, I've never had that. And it was amazing. I was just floating around.
Hannah22, United Kingdom · University studentCh. 6 · p. 33
Embodied Knowing
I don't expect to have pain. I don't expect to have problems, and if there are, then I don't look at it as my menstrual cycle's fault. I look at myself and my environment, and I ask myself, what am I doing to upset the balance here? And I put it right. It's not my body's fault if I'm experiencing pain, it's mine, and I have the power to do something about it. Any symptom that comes up is great, you know? What can you teach me? What can you tell me?

Anna reads this both ways: as genuine embodied agency, and as sitting uncomfortably close to a neoliberal logic that hands the individual woman full responsibility for her own wellbeing.

JuneEarly 40s, United Kingdom · Holistic health coachCh. 6 · p. 33
Embodied Knowing
So then you become, very naturally, the revolution. Because it feels like the right way. You start to become less sick. There are all these clear results in a way, suddenly you have released an album, or you made an artwork, but you just start to see these fruits in your life that feel very much like your fruit, and they just come from being very close to where you are in your cycle all the time.
Lotte35, Denmark · Artist, composer, co-founder of Bleeding LeadersCh. 6 · p. 43
Rest as Resistance
I don't need to earn it. I just need to rest.

Rest reclassified: no longer a reward drawn against work completed, but a standing condition of a life.

AnjaliLate 30s, South Africa · PharmacistCh. 6 · p. 38
Rest as Resistance
Even the revolution can be about non-doing.

Read alongside Tricia Hersey's Rest Is Resistance (2022): rest as refusal of a system that measures human value in output.

Lotte35, Denmark · Artist, composer, co-founder of Bleeding LeadersCh. 6 · p. 45
Rest as Resistance
There's a lot more potential than just a woman gets to be off work when she's bleeding. It's one part of it, but it's also about the other seasons, how can they contribute?

Lotte's caution about menstrual leave: framed only as time off, it re-narrows the cycle to one week of bleeding needing accommodation.

Lotte35, Denmark · Artist, composer, co-founder of Bleeding LeadersCh. 6 · p. 41
Rest as Resistance
I try to keep my life as free as I can.

Meetings moved out of the bleed, laundry and cooking done ahead, social plans arranged around heavy days. Menstruation is not an interruption to the schedule; it is what the schedule is built around.

Harper44, United States · Paediatric speech and language therapistCh. 6 · p. 40
Ritual & Reclamation
I am a part of the earth, the cycles of time and the cycles of nature, and so in doing that, I'm reclaiming what's been lost, and then I can pull my power back.

On earth-bleeding — returning menstrual blood to the ground. Both Harper and Alessandra practise it.

Harper44, United States · Paediatric speech and language therapistCh. 6 · p. 40
Ritual & Reclamation
Living in alignment with my menstrual cycle… goes hand in hand with living in alignment with the seasons of nature.
Harper44, United States · Paediatric speech and language therapistCh. 6 · p. 40
Ritual & Reclamation
I'm not here to tell you what to do, or how to feel your cycle, or how to connect with your body.

Julie is the only participant whose real name is kept. She calls the Circle a post-patriarchal space, and repeatedly refuses the role of expert.

Julie45, Dutch, based in Crete · Facilitator of the Moon Soul CommunityCh. 7 · p. 53
Ritual & Reclamation
One of the key things about connecting with your cycle is that you create space for the wisdom woman within.
Julie45, Dutch, based in Crete · Facilitator of the Moon Soul CommunityCh. 7 · p. 54
Ritual & Reclamation
You don't have to relate or be this way during the phases of your cycle.

The archetypes are offered as invitations, not identities. Julie cautions repeatedly against reducing women to cyclical categories.

Julie45, Dutch, based in Crete · Facilitator of the Moon Soul CommunityCh. 7 · p. 53
Feminist Commons
Going back into my cycle is connecting me to my femininity - not only being a mother, but coming back to myself as a woman.

Three children in quick succession, then years of breastfeeding. Her cycle's return marked more than a biological shift.

HeliaFrench, living in India · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 51
Feminist Commons
I want to feel more, and act more intuitively.
MathildeLate 30s, Netherlands · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 51
Feminist Commons
Growing up I always felt like I wanted to become me more, and this finally feels like a way to be able to act towards that somehow.
MathildeLate 30s, Netherlands · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 57
Feminist Commons
I have become the mother I never had.

Said with a strong undercurrent of grief. After a birth she described as brutal and terrifying, the Circle became a place where unmet need for care could be collectively processed.

ParvaniLate 30s, India · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 58
Feminist Commons
So I'm not alone. I'm not crazy. Yeah, I'm not going through this alone.

The move Anna tracks across the whole chapter: affective dissonance becoming collective resonance.

ParvaniLate 30s, India · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 58
Feminist Commons
I can't seem to get out of winter. I feel stagnation.

Her intention for the Circle was movement: “to embody more, to feel more different things.”

AnielaMid-40s, Crete · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 52
Feminist Commons
I personally feel that women who joined the women's circle are women who are healing their sisterhood wound, or mother wound. Because for me, I experienced that when I was a young girl, a teenager, to be excluded in friendship gatherings. So for me, that's why I love women's circles, because it's really healing that part of me that was excluded when I was younger, and now, like, it's a very inclusive space and I feel very welcome.
AnielaMid-40s, Crete · Circle participantCh. 7 · p. 58
Chapter 4 · Field sites & methodology

How it was done

Feminist ethnography

Grounded in Haraway's situated knowledges: knowledge is partial, embodied, and produced from specific social and bodily positions rather than from nowhere. Affect, emotion and embodiment are treated as legitimate sites of knowledge production.

Digital ethnography

Following Geismar and Knox, digital space is treated not as secondary or disembodied but as a socially and affectively real environment where relations, rituals and care are actively produced.

Sensory ethnography

Following Pink: attending to atmospheres, rhythms and embodied responses, not only to what is said. Participants lit candles, built altars, danced, breathed, and reflected on sensation — and so did the researcher.

Stigma-sensitive ethics

Informed by Owen's methodology for researching menstruation: making a long-private experience public demands particular attention to trust, consent and confidentiality. All names but Julie's are pseudonyms.

Stated limitations

Participants were predominantly European or Western, all cis women, none post-menopausal. The findings do not claim to represent menstrual experience across cultural, social or class contexts.

The class question

Cyclical living presupposes time, bodily safety, economic stability and access to alternative knowledge. Anna names this directly through Kuokkanen's critique — that nature-based feminist practice risks remaining available to the chosen few.

Part Three · Closing

Seven findings

Menstruality is not simply a wellness practice or an alternative spirituality. It is a reconfiguration of embodiment, temporality, affect and knowledge through which participants attempt to inhabit their bodies and their lives differently — and the thesis keeps its ambivalences open rather than resolving them.

Menstruality begins in a shortfall, not a curiosity

Across every account, the turn toward cyclical living followed a moment when biomedical frameworks and dominant understandings of menstruation stopped describing the experience being had — through pain, chronic illness, medical dismissal, or a diffuse sense of bodily estrangement.

The menstrual body becomes an epistemological site

Through tracking, ritual and cyclical attunement, bodily fluctuation is reread as communication rather than dysfunction. This challenges epistemologies that treat stability and detachment from the body as preconditions of legitimate knowledge.

Dissonance is rendered intelligible, not resolved

What was felt as personal instability — feeling “crazy,” chronically fatigued, or at fault — is reinterpreted as misalignment between a cyclical body and linear, productivity-driven norms. The gap does not close; it becomes legible.

Rest is reclassified as generative

Against the via positiva that dominates Western economic and environmental life, rest and withdrawal are revalued as conditions of activity rather than pauses from it. Read alongside Hersey, choosing to rest becomes a quiet form of refusal.

The circle is a commons of care

Knowledge is co-constructed through storytelling, listening and witnessing. Affective dissonance becomes collective resonance, and resonance becomes affective solidarity — the move from private burden to shared condition.

The virtual does not disembody

A transnational Circle on Zoom sustained candles, altars, breathwork and bodily sensation. Digital infrastructure enabled a form of collective life that had found no purchase locally.

The thesis holds its own ambivalence open

Menstruality risks reproducing neoliberal self-surveillance and individual responsibility for wellbeing, and the capacity to live cyclically presupposes time, economic security and professional autonomy that are unevenly distributed. Anna states this as a limitation rather than resolving it.